The dialogue is notable for developing Plato’s theory of the tripartite soul, divided into the seat of desire and appetite the “spirited” part, which Socrates likens to a dog, vicious or loyal depending on who it obeys and how you look at it and reason. In imaginatively building an ideal city in Plato’s Republic, written a few hundred years earlier, Plato’s protagonist Socrates takes up this project of building walls and fortifying bodies in the interest of regulating the circulation of affects ( path ē) among citizens. 3 For Vitruvius, what overwhelms our defenses should be avoided altogether. For a physician like Galen, who spent much of his life in Rome in the second century ce, bodies have to be cultivated according to an ethos of care that openly moralizes disease.
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In any case, there are walls, and then there is the stubborn porosity of cities and bodies and the canniness of air.
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In blurring the boundary between bodies to focus on the medium we share, these miasmatic theories call up equally familiar worries about the dangers of breathing as we track spiking levels of particulate matter via the Air Quality Index (AQI) and smoky haze. 2 But it is the vaguer idea of bad air that dominates the ancient accounts. In his attention to these creaturely vectors, Vitruvius hints at a minor tradition for explaining disease transmission in ancient Greek and Roman authors, one that to our pandemic-weary sensibilities nevertheless feels familiar. Marshland usually teems with little creatures whose noxious breaths will waft over any fortifications you build, seeping pestilence into the bodies of the inhabitants. You don’t want the site to be too hot or too cold, too wet or too dry. 1 Deciding where to put them is the first thing to consider if you have the task of designing a city from the ground up. On the basis of synonyms classification taking into account the logical requirements to the concept division the article singles out a) the main criteria for the equivalence of synonyms translation, b) traces the dependence of translation methods on the synonymic type, c) marks the degrees of equivalence of different types of synonyms translation, and the ways of their translation in the dictionary and textual presentation.Every city, Vitruvius assumes in his first-century bce treatise On Architecture, needs walls. The method of observation, the method of structural-semantic analysis, the component method, the method of comparative analysis and others. The material for the present study are English synonymy-series and equivalent Russian synonymy-series, selected from various lexicographical sources (English and Russian dictionaries of synonyms, English-Russian dictionaries of synonyms) and contexts.
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The aim of this article is to try to clarify the criteria for the equivalence of the translation of different types of synonyms and to distinguish its varieties. The reason for such discrepancies lies in the unequal understanding of the essence of lexical synonymy.
#Unity synonym series
This leads to the fact that the synonymic series of different lexicographers often do not coincide. However, compilers of dictionaries of synonyms use different criteria for their separation. The English language is rich in synonyms, rare synonymic series have two or three members, more often there are many more.
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In translation studies the analysis of interlingual lexical correspondences is conducted not for the sake of regulation of some mechanical replacements of lexical units of the original with corresponding words and expressions of the target language, but to study what lexical units transmit in translation, how they can differ from the original words and form a thought, corresponding to the thought of the original phrase, otherwise it is a comparative analysis of semantic, stylistic and functional characteristics of words and expressions being compared, for any thought, any emotion transmitted to the target language.ĭespite the existence of a relatively large number of studies devoted to the disclosure of various aspects of synonymy, there is still no unity of opinion regarding the definition of synonyms, methods of their study, principles of selection and classification of synonyms, the boundaries of the synonymic series. At the same time, the issues of synonymy translation remain one of the least studied. An important aspect, the development of which could make a contribution to the development of the theory of synonymy, is its translation aspect, which is quite demanded in synonymic studies. The renewed interest in the modern linguistics to the 'eternal' linguistic object - synonymy predetermined its intensive study in various directions, both traditional and new.